Application

With the Aijiren COD tube test, each user can easily perform highly sensitive and accurate water detection.
The time required for the measurement process is significantly shortened, especially for standard analysis and series measurement, while significantly reducing the workload.
The COD Test tube contains a precise dose of reagent. Therefore, excessive chemical inventory is avoided and work safety is improved.

The Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) test is widely used as a measure of organic contamination by determining the quantity of oxygen required for oxidation of reduced species including organic matter, in a water sample using a specific oxidizing agent, temperature and time reduction. COD testing is a good better indicator of organic pollutants in industrial wastewater containing cyanides and heavy metals. COD testing affords rapid response to changing conditions before critical problems develop. Lovibond’s COD vials are compatible with BOTH Lovibond and Hach® colorimeters.

A syringe filter (or wheel filter) is a single-use, membrane-based device used for the removal of particulate impurities from small (≤ 100 mL) liquid samples. Selected based upon the desired end application, disposable syringe filters are commonly used in labs for fast and efficient filtering, material purification, or even sterilization.

UHPLC Precolumn Filter
• Economical protection against microparticles.
• Extend UHPLC column lifetime.
• Negligible effect on column performance.
• Universal fit—easily connects directly to any brand column.
• Leak tight to 15,000 psi (1,034 bar).
• Does not contribute to system backpressure.
• Does not contribute to band broadening.

With PES syringe filter membrane mechanically strong character, it can handle high-temperature liquids, with great flow rate (better than PTFE), and low protein binding. With these features, PES syringe filters offer superior performance for use with biological samples and media culture. Workable pH range ~3-14.
Nylon: Nylon membrane filters are hydrophilic, flexible, tear-resistant, and autoclavable. They are resistant to a range of organic solvents and suitable for use with high pH samples. Nylon binds proteins. Unsuitable for acidic solutions. pH range ~3-14.
MCE (Mixed Cellulose Ester) syringe filters are an ideal choice when biological samples are involved. Mixed Cellulose is a hydrophilic membrane offering both low protein binding coefficients and exceptional flow rates.

Ideal for use with aqueous and organic solvents, Nylon Syringe Filters are an excellent choice for filtering high-performance liquid chromatography samples. Nylon syringe filters are durable, tear resistant and wet evenly.
PES (Polyethersulfone ) syringe filter is natural hydrophilic which makes is an ideal choice (highly recommended) for aqueous solutions and alcohols. It’s not necessary to treat the filter membrane surface with wetting agents.

PTFE Syringe Filters are universal filters that are inert to a wide variety of aggressive solvents and strong acids and bases. These syringe filters can also be exposed to high temperatures and are an excellent choice for HPLC sample preparation. We offer PTFE syringe filters in both their hydrophobic and hydrophilic states.

We provide septa and caps to fit our autosampler crimping the top vial to provide PTFE protection and silicone resealability. The cap includes a double-sided PTFE septum with silicone in the middle.

Caps for screw thread vials are available with either an open hole for autosampler use and standard addition or with a solid top for sample storage. One piece polypropylene cap and membrane are also available. These pierceable screw thread caps are designed for one time use and reduce sample preparation time as there is no cap and seal to assemble.

Polypropylene Screw Cap with Septa – Polypropylene screw cap with precision-fit septa provide an evaporation-proof seal. Bi-layer include silicone and PTFE. Silicone septa for multiple injections. PTFE-lined screw cap for organic samples. Screw caps provide an inert, airtight seal and direct puncture-access to samples with a syringe needle.

2mL Amber Glass Screw Top Autosampler Vials are available in a variety of neck finishes and opening diameters. Large mouth or wide ID vials have approximately a 40% wider mouth opening than standard opening vials. The large opening reduces the risk of bent autosampler needles during sampling. When choosing a 2mL Amber Glass Screw Top Autosampler Vials, the product material is of paramount importance.

The function of crimping top sample vials, Strict quality assurance provides dimensional consistency between batches, Optional ceramic write points with filling marks, Certified and fully compatible with autosampler.

Aijiren Crimp Top vials are excellently fitted for autosamplers and have good chemical compatibility and super cleanliness. The crimp top sample vial is the most commonly used gas sampling vial on the market at present. 2ml volume sample vial especially suitable for laboratory use. At the same time, it has a flat bottoming function and compatibility with automatic sampling equipment.

Sample Storage vial provided by Aijiren. These vials can be used to store samples to be tested. The cap has a built-in sealing ring to prevent the sample bottle from leaking. Therefore, Aijiren’s sample storage vials are made of high-quality raw materials and produced by a unified and precise process.

Storage glass vials made of type 1, type A, 33 expanded borosilicate glass or 51A amber glass, with a capacity from 20mL to 60mL, provide a constant pH value to maintain the life of the sample, chemically inert caps are suitable for large For most chromatography and storage applications, top PTFE/silicone septa are used for cleaning.

Aijiren’s 20ml, 30ml, 40ml, 60ml storage bottle kits include screw cap sample bottles made of type 1 borosilicate clear or brown glass, open caps with PTFE silicone rubber septa, or PTFE lining Storage caps (can withstand various chemical corrosion).

Aijiren is manufactured in the most advanced molding equipment using high-purity pure polypropylene.
PP is a material that complies with US FDA 21 CFR. Used to store PCR reagents, enzymes and other diagnostic reagents, as well as biochemical reagents or samples. The screw cap has leak-proof function and can be used at low temperatures.

Aijiren Tech’s syringe filters are a complete range of non-sterile disposable syringe filters for reliable sample preparation. Repeatable membrane quality and automated production processes ensure that particles are removed from each sample, extend the service life of the analytical column, and minimize damage to the inlet or valve.

The membrane materials produced by Aijiren are provided by the most famous people in the industry, and in the ISO9000 certified production process, under certified clean room conditions, the latest manufacturing technology is used to ensure high-quality and stable products to achieve the highest standards . All syringe filters are HPLC certified.

Our Syringe Filters are high quality, well packaged and sold at a fair competitive price. They are available in most of the major membrane materials including Nylon, PTFE, PES, MCE, PVDF, CA, PP, and GF which are supplied in 13mm, 25mm formats in virgin polypropylene housings.

The syringe filter produced by Aijiren is the preferred method for filtering small samples before being loaded into HPLC and GC, and is usually used with disposable syringes to filter out impurities in the sample to ensure that there is no quality in the test Problems and affect the experimental results.

Aijiren syringe filter is a fast, convenient and reliable filter tool, usually used in the laboratory. Since they do not require membrane replacement and filter cleaning, complicated and time-consuming preparations are eliminated. It is widely used for sample prefiltration, particle removal, aseptic filtration of liquids and gases.

Aijiren’s Headspace Caps often use metal material aluminum, which is soft and convenient for Hand Crimper and Decrimper for sealing. Not only that, the Septa produced by Aijiren is also made of high-quality silicone and ptfe, and is pressed with an exclusive process. This kind of septa is not easy to deform, break, and fall off, and it can also ensure the tightness of the vial.

The 20mm Crimp Top Caps produced by Aijiren have a diameter of 20mm and a center hole with a diameter of 9.5mm. The color is the silver color of aluminum itself, which is very modern and beautiful. The matched septa are all 20*3mm, and the double-sided synthetic septa ensures the sealing.

Aijiren provides one of the widest selections of Caps, Closures, and Lids available. Select from a wide variety of metal and phenolic, and polypropylene plastic bottle caps, vial lids, and other closures with an array of lining systems to fit your application and container. We also feature dispensing caps, hole caps, septa, tube caps and vial caps.

Aijiren’s Magnetic Precision Screw Metal Cap is 18mm in size, which is very suitable for sealing gas chromatography. This kind of cap is often used in headspace vials, and the center hole with it is very convenient for sampling by autosampler.

Aijiren’s HPLC Vial is divided into two types: clear glass and amber glass. The clarity of clear glass is more obvious. The reagent changes in the vial can be clearly seen. The amber glass can protect the sample in the vial from deterioration due to ultraviolet radiation.

Although most laboratories have switched to 9 mm screw thread vials for a wider opening while still being autosampler compatible, some labs use 8-425 vials for storing solvents. The standard opening 8-425 vials have more threads per inch, so there is less likelihood that volatile solvents will evaporate over time.

A low coefficient of thermal expansion (3.3), provides temperature resistance that is far superior to that of standard lab glass (or soda lime glass). Aijiren glass can withstand temperatures from -70 to 500°C, permitting repeated use in freezers, microwaves, autoclaves and dry heat sterilization chambers.

Aijiren reusable media bottles are manufactured from high quality, borosilicate 3.3 glass. With their superior chemical resistance, these bottles are ideal for storage of reagents, culture media, biological fluids and a variety of other aqueous and non-aqueous solutions.

Caps and stoppers for reagent bottles should be selected carefully, as their material or lining may interact negatively with the contents of the bottle.

Reagent bottles in tinted amber or red protect light-sensitive contents from UV light, visible light and infrared radiation. Reagent bottles are available with narrow mouths for better control while pouring, or wide mouths for easy filling or content retrieval.

Constructed from borosilicate glass or soda-lime glass, reagent bottles feature stoppers or caps, which protect the contents from spilling or outside environmental contamination. Reagent bottles are excellent for storing powders and liquids.

The optional capacity is 10ml 20ml and the specifications are 22.5 x 46mm, 22.5 x 75.5mm, providing both colorless and brown headspace vial. The 20ml GC Analysis Headspace Vial Series strictly controls the HPLC vial mouth to improve sealing performance. Precision molding bottlenecks increase the processing power of autosamplers.

Gas in the vial enters the gas phase detection. Top-space gas analysis using headspace viars can help automate quality control or sample selection. Use state-of-the-box equipment to prepare your entire experiment for accurate analysis through repeatable samples.

Aijiren Tech Headspace Vial is manufactured to provide uniform glass thickness and ensures uniform thermal distribution for uniform sampling reliability. All Aijiren Tech Headspace Viars meet or exceed OEM manufacturer specifications. AijirenTech Vial is available in 6 ml, 10 ml and 20 ml versions, with screw and crimp types.

Headspace vial is made of transparent or scarlet glass and is available on round or flat bases, crimp seals with bevel or square edge finishes, or thread finishes. Headspace viars, septaums, and caps can be purchased individually or collectively in different quantities as a convenient kit to meet the needs of the lab.

Material: USP1, borosicate glass
The tpo packaged in the box minimizes damage to the sample bottle.
Manufactured under strict quality, ensures consistency of dimensions between lots
Suitable for headspace analysis of volatile solids and gases.
Store volatile samples to prevent sample evaporation
High-temperature resistance and corrosion resistance
It is mainly used in gas chromatography analysis for headspace analysis.

Aijiren Tech headspace vials are manufactured to provide uniform glass thickness which insures even heat distribution for consistent sampling reliability. All Aijiren Tech headspace vials meet or exceed OEM instrument manufacturer’s specifications.Aijiren Tech vials are available in 20ml versions with Screw and Crimp type.

Headspace vials are available in clear or amber glass with a round or flat base, a crimp seal with a beveled or square edge finish, or with a screw-thread finish. Headspace vials, septum, and caps can be purchased in various quantities separately or together as convenience kits to fit your laboratory needs.

20ml,22.5ⅹ75mm, DM18
Material: USP1, Borosilicate Glass
Box packaged tpo minimize sample bottle damage.
Manufactured under strict quality, which ensures dimensional consistency from lot-to-lot
Suitable for headspace analysis of volatile solids and gases.
Store volatile samples to prevent sample evaporation
High temperature resistance and corrosion resistance
Mainly used in gas chromatography analysis for headspace analysis.

Aijiren Tech crimp top headspace vials are available in a flat or round bottom style, with clear or amber glass. Headspace closures are available in pre-assembled caps with septums or can be ordered individually. Pressure release, seal with lining, and seal with magnetic lining are also optional.

The material of Headspace Vials is low extractable Borosilicate glass with low expansion rate, high-temperature resistance, high strength, high hardness, high light transmittance and high chemical stability. Headspace Vials suitable for headspace analysis of volatile solids and gases.

HPLC Vials 10-425 1.5ml Screw Vials. Wide-opening vials provide an increased target area for easier sample preparation and to reduce the chance of bent or broken needles during samplingr. Vials are manufactured of Clear, Type 1 Class A or Amber, Type 1 Class B borosilicate glass . Requires the use of 10-425 screw thread closures and 10mm septa.

Amber glass vials are perfect for storing samples that are sensitive to light exposure. Clear glass vials are great for testing the solubility or dispersability of materials, allowing you an unhindered view of the solution. Our vials come in 2 ml. Each pack contains 100 glass vials, along with 100 caps lined with septa.

Screw cap vials are a practical packaging solution for sample-size health, beauty, and pharmaceutical products. Glass screw cap vials are impermeable and don’t undergo chemical leaching, so your products stay pure. Uses for Screw Cap Vials. Use glass screw cap vials to package sample products or as full-size product packaging options.

Aijiren screw thread top sample vials design is characterized by universal ease of use, especially the use of automated sample introduction systems, so this type of vial is also called a autosampler vial. And this sample vial is extremely compatible. The 1.5ml sample vial we usually say is the 2ml volume sample vial. The design of Aijiren screw thread top vials are developed from Europe and the United States, and the design feature is easy to use, especially the use of automated sample introduction system. Aijiren screw thread top vials also known as autosampler bottles.

Screw-top vials also come in different sizes, with vial caps made of either aluminum for crimp seals or plastic. Amber glass vials are available in 2ml volume with a screw top. Inserts work in conjunction with any autosampler and fit either standard or wide openings vials.

The aluminum caps produced by Aijiren are all high-quality, and it is easy to wrap the Vial caliber to form a sealed space under the hand crimper. The 5.5mm center hole also ensures easy sampling of the autosampler.

PTFE is the most inert but its poor resealability making it unsuitable for multiple injections or storage. For layered septa such as PTFE/silicone the chemical resistance of the septa is that of PTFE until the septum is punctured. Once punctured, the silicone layer is exposed and able to react with sample/solvent so the chemical resistance of silicone should be considered when using these septa.

It is wider than the ordinary Cap, and the Aluminum Cap has good sealing performance. The 5.5mm Center Hole is also convenient for the automatic injection needle in and out. It works very well with Hand Crimper.

Crimp closures N11 are also universally suitable with regard to autosampler compatibility, however, they are not as safe and convenient in their closing technique as the screw closures N 9 (9mm) 2ml vials and closures.

Crimp vial is manufactured from type 1 borosicate glass, or polypropylene, available in transparent or scarlet. I need a clamper and a decapper. Ideal for long-term storage. De-activation and MS certification are also available.

Polypropylene screw cap with septum – Polypropylene screw cap with precision fit septum provides anti-evaporation seal. Two layers include silicone and PTFE. Silicone septum for multiple injections. PTFE lining screw cap for organic samples. The screw cap provides an inert airtight seal and holes directly into the sample with a needle.

If the weight, damage, surface inertness, and/or disposal costs of the glass vial are concerned, the vial manufactured from polypropylene is an alternative to consideration. The benefits of polypropylene materials include low extraction rates, compatibility with many solvents, ideal for working with proteins, ideal for ion chromatography applications, ideal for pH-sensitive sample storage, and eliminate the need for inserts during microsampling.

The 9mm high recycling vial is a new vial specially designed by Aijiren for precious samples in the laboratory. Many times the autosampler will leave sample residue in the vial when it is injecting samples. If the sample is precious, this residue is undoubtedly a waste. High-recovery vials can avoid this problem.

The 9mm hplc vial provided by Aijiren has a high recovery type, which can effectively recover samples and reduce sample residues. This high recovery 9mm hplc vial is made of extremely inert borosilicate hydrochloric acid glass, which is not easy to react with chemical reagents.

These vials are a good choice for the latest autosamplers. With an emphasis on improving sample security and integrity, we offer innovative 9mm closures and 9mm screw top vials for consistent productivity across all separations.
Standard opening screwed viars are manufactured from borosicate glass and the maximum filling volume is 2 ml.

Snap cap vials have standard 12×32 profiles compatible with 11mm snap caps or 11mm crimp closures. Snap caps can be easily pushed or pulled by hand. 11mm Gc Snap Top Cap with Ptfe Silicon Septum for 2ml Snap Vial, 11mm Gc Snap Top Cap with Ptfe Silicon Septum for 2ml Snap Vial in SupplierAijiren Technology Co., Ltd.

Transparent, Type 1 Class A or Amber, Type 1 Class B, Aijiren viale made of borosicate glass
The Aijiren Viale has a standard calibrated write patch that is easy to fill and identify.
Snap caps used in Aijiren vial systems are a convenient replacement for aluminum seals.
Snap caps or aluminum seals ensure safe sealing of samples

The Aijiren Vial is a standard 11.6x32mm profile and is compatible with convenient 11mm snap caps or aluminum seal closures.
“Step” design ensures proper centering of a limited amount of inserts and eliminates missed injections
The Aijiren vial has an opening 40% larger than the standard aluminum seal vial, which makes it easier to fill samples and reduces the possibility of needle bends or breaks during sampling.

Snap vial is manufactured from Type 1 borosalicate glass (Class A, 33 extended borosicate glass) and is available from transparent or scarlet, or polypropylene. Snap vial accepts both aluminum snap seal and polyethylene snap cap. Ideal for short-term storage. De-activation and MS authentication are also available.

Due to the large amount of glass used in the vial neck, the snap seal vial is hard to break when the cap is removed. The neck finish of the snap seal is compatible with crimps and/or snap seals and does not require any special tools to remove the cap. These viars are recommended for short-term sample storage and non-volatile samples because seals are not as secure as crimp or thread seals.

The Aijiren sample vial is sealed and effectively avoids sample evaporation. The 11 mm aluminum cap corresponding to the vial can be easily and quickly combined with the jaw capping tool. Vials can withstand heat and pressure and can also be used for chemical reactions. It can be used as an anesthermal and oxygen-free reaction viale, especially for white open caps and thick PTFE/silicon septum viars.

PTFE/Silicone/PTFE septum provides excellent resistance to core rings
Wide range of autosamplers
Good quality control such as height, diameter, bottom, thickness, neck/thread, cleanliness, etc.
Consistent quality across batches

Features of the Crimp Top Sample Vial
Rigorous quality assurance ensures consistency of dimensions between lots
Optional ceramic writing spot with fill mark
Full warranty compatibility certification with autosampler

All Aijiren vials are ideal for autosamplers and have excellent chemical compatibility and ultra-cleanliness. Crimp top sample vials are currently the most commonly used gas sampling vials on the market. Sample vial with a 2ml capacity that is particularly suitable for use in laboratories. At the same time, some vial bottoms are designed to be round bottoms, so the bottom is flat and compatible with automatic sampling equipment.

Crimp vial is manufactured from type 1 borosicate glass, or polypropylene, available in transparent or scarlet. I need a clamper and a decapper. Ideal for long-term storage. De-activation and MS certification are also available.

Transparent viale, 33-extended borosicate glass USP type I, Class A
Step-by-step write marking spot area, 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5ml
Strict quality control to ensure a consistent size of each lot of items.
Flat bottom to ensure consistent matching between the vial and the true neck 6mm of the standard glass insert.
Caps are made of high-quality polypropylene to meet accurate manufacturing tolerances
Septum is made of the highest quality materials to ensure proper functioning

The specifications of the vials are 12 x 32 mm.
Accurate handling of bottlenecks to enable the mechanical arm to operate efficiently.
Suitable for Aijiren, AB Sciex, Brukers, Techcomp, PerkinElmer, ThermoScientifics, Shimadzu, Waters, CTC autosamplers, and other rotating or robotic arm samplers.
40% larger opening than the standard narrow opening vial prevents syringe problems
The special screw design ensures a consistent seal.

Caps are made of high-quality polypropylene to meet accurate manufacturing tolerances and backed in a managed manufacturing environment. The color of the cap is only black. The septum uses only the highest quality materials to ensure proper function and can be easily penetrated by pre-slits.

8-425 thread caps and viars are often used in combination with Shimadzu, Specra-Physics, Varian, and other autosamplers
The vial is made of transparent type 1 class A or amber, type 1 class B borosicate glass and contains writing patches for sample identification.

2mL amber glass screw top autosempla vials are available in a variety of neck finishes and opening diameters. Large mouth or wide ID viale has an opening about 40% wider than the standard opening vial. Large openings reduce the risk of the autosampler needle bending during sampling. When selecting a 2mL amber glass screw top autosan pravisal, the material of the product is the most important.

The 13-425 vial provided by Aijiren are all made of borosilicate hydrochloric acid glass, which is extremely inert and difficult to react with chemical reagents, which can effectively ensure the accuracy of the experimental results.

Red PTFE / white silicon separator + black cap without holes, 15x45mm vial for 4ml screw top vial has 13-425 GPI thread, can hold up to 4ml samples. Use a 13 x 425 cap with a septum when using it as a sample vial, or a diffusion cap for a cleaning vial. Sealed screw seals allow these vials to also be used as storage vials.

Glass autosampler vial, 4ml, 15mm x 45mm, used with 13-425 screw caps.
Ideal for general laboratory use and sample storage.
Chemically inert caps suitable for most chromatography and storage applications.
Top grade PTFE/silicone septa used for cleanliness.

The Aijiren 15x45mm vial has a 13-425 GPI thread that can hold up to 4ml of samples. Use a 13 x 425 cap with a septum when using it as a sample vial, or a diffusion cap for a cleaning vial. Sealed screw seals allow these vials to also be used as storage vials.

The 10-425 vial was the original wide mouth to replace the 8-425 screw vial. Today, it is recommended to use a 9mm wide-mouth screw thread vial. This is because it is more versatile and compatible with autosamplers without sacrificing a wide mouth for pipette operation.

The wide open vial expands the target area to facilitate sample preparation and reduce the possibility of needle bends or breaks during sampling.
Viars are manufactured in clear, type 1 class A or amber, type 1 class B borosicate glass
10-425 screw fasteners and 10mm septum must be used.

HPLC Vial 10-425 1.5ml Screw Vial. The wide open vial has a larger target area to make it easier to prepare the sample and to reduce the possibility of the needle bending or bending during sampling. Vials are manufactured in clear type 1 class A or amber type 1 class B borosicate glass. 10-425 screw fasteners and 10mm septum must be used.

Aijiren 10mm wide opening screw vial 2mL, 12x32mm 10mm wide opening screw vial and insert. 10-425 thread finish. The vial has a calibrated write patch that is useful for identifying samples. The neck opening is wide and easy to fill.

Vials are manufactured in clear type 1 class A or amber type 1 class B borosicate glass. 10-425 screw fasteners and 10mm septum must be used. See Assembly Caps and Septum Limited volume micro-insert for wide opening 10-425 vial.

Aijiren Syringe Filter is a comprehensive range of non-sterile disposable syringe filters for reliable sample pre-treatment. Reproducible membrane quality and automated manufacturing processes ensure particles are removed from all samples, extending the life of analytical columns and minimizing injection port and valve damage. The Aijiren syringe filter is available in 0.22um and 0.45um porosity, 4, 13, 25 and 30mm diameters.

The Aijiren Tech Syringe Filter is a comprehensive non-sterile disposable syringe filter for reliable sample preparation. Reproducible membrane quality and automated manufacturing processes ensure particles are removed from all samples, extending the life of analytical columns and minimizing injection port and valve damage.

Membrane materials are supplied under the industry’s best names, and ISO9000 certified manufacturing uses the latest manufacturing technology to ensure high quality and consistent products, performed to the highest standards in certified cleanroom conditions. All syringe filters are HPLC certified.

Our syringe filters are high quality, packaged and sold at fair competitive prices. They are available in most of the major membrane materials including nylon, PTFE, PES, MCE, PVDF, CA, PP, and GF, and are available in 13mm, 17mm, 25mm and 30mm formats for virgin polypropylene housings.

Syringe filters are a fast, convenient and reliable filter tool that is routinely used in laboratories. No need to replace membranes or clean filters, which eliminates the need for complex and time-consuming preparations. Widely used in pre-sample filtration, particle removal, and aseptic filtration of liquids and gases. This method is suitable for rinsing small samples before loading into HPLC and GC, and is often used in disposable syringes.

Aijiren™ reusable media bottles are made of high-quality borosicate 3.3 glass. These bottles have excellent chemical resistance and are ideal for storing reagents, cultures, biological liquids, and a variety of other aqueous and non-aqueous solutions. Reagent bottles provided by Aijiren are available in a variety of specifications from 100ml to 1000ml.

For consistent performance and better quality, Aijiren’s experimental bottles are widely used. Aijiren Reagent Bottles Aijiren Experimental Bottles are chemical-resistant and stable. When fitted with a plastic pouring ring, the dropping can be completely lost. There is only one size screw in every bottle after 100ml.

Aijiren reagent bottles provide unrivalled uniform wall thickness distribution.
Improved mechanical stability and resistance to temperature changes
Prevents the stress that occurs in the glass and the possibility of rupture during heating and cooling
Advantages: Improve employee safety, extend the service life of experimental glassware, and protect valuable substances.